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Literary structure (chiasmus, chiasm) of Book of Numbers

Chiasmus and Concentric Structure of divided by 4

The divided in four structures have three divisional points, "Moses and Hobab" (no. 13, 10:29-32), "Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram" (no. 25, 16:1-17:5), and "Balak and Balaam" (no. 37, 22:1-40). Divided four parts are thought to correspond each to Mt. Sinai, the desert (before rebellion), the desert (after rebellion), the promised land. Since the first land acquisition is not the promised land, it is a different division from the divided in three structure with the theme of relationship with Canaan people.


4-1

1 The first census of Israel (1:1-47)
  2 The duties of Levites (1:48-54)
    3 The order of encampment and marching (2:1-34)
      4 The duties and census of the Levites 1 (3:1-51)
        5 The duties and census of the Levites 2 (4:1-49)
          6 Regulations for rituals and vow (5:1-6:27)
            7 Offerings of the leaders (7:1-88)
          8 Consecration and Service of the Levites (7:89-8:26)
        9 The passover at Sinai (9:1-14)
      10 The cloud and the fire (9:15-23)
    11 The silver trumpets (10:1-10)
  12 Departure from Sinai (10:11-28)
13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
Former halfRelationLatter half
1 The first census of Israel (1:1-47)
1:4"To assist you there shall be a man from each tribe, the head of his ancestral house.
To assist Moses13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
10:31"Please, do not leave us; you know where we can camp in the desert, and you will serve as eyes for us.
2 The duties of Levites (1:48-54)
1:50You are to give the Levites charge of the Dwelling of the commandments with all its equipment and all that belongs to it. It is they who shall carry the Dwelling with all its equipment and who shall be its ministers. They shall therefore camp around the Dwelling.
Tasks of Levites about the Dwelling12 Departure from Sinai (10:11-28)
10:17Then, after the Dwelling was dismantled, the clans of Gershon and Merari set out, carrying the Dwelling.
3 The order of encampment and marching (2:1-34)
2:34The Israelites did just as the LORD had commanded Moses; both in camp and on the march they were in their own divisions, every man according to his clan and his ancestral house.
Movement of the camp11 The silver trumpets (10:1-10)
10:2"Make two trumpets of beaten silver, which you shall use in assembling the community and in breaking camp.
4 The duties and census of the Levites 1 (3:1-51)
3:7They shall discharge his obligations and those of the whole community before the meeting tent by serving at the Dwelling.
The meeting tent10 The cloud and the fire (9:15-23)
9:17Whenever the cloud rose from the tent, the Israelites would break camp; wherever the cloud came to rest, they would pitch camp.
5 The duties and census of the Levites 2 (4:1-49)
4:15But they shall not touch the sacred objects; if they do they will die.
Death, touch9 The passover at Sinai (9:1-14)
9:6There were some, however, who were unclean because of a human corpse and so could not keep the Passover that day.
6 Regulations for rituals and vow (5:1-6:27)
6:2When a man (or a woman) solemnly takes the nazirite vow to dedicate himself to the LORD,
Dedicated to the Lord8 Consecration and Service of the Levites (7:89-8:26)
8:6"Take the Levites from among the Israelites and purify them.

4-1-1

1 The first census of Israel (1:1-47)
  2 The duties of Levites (1:48-54)
    3 The order of encampment and marching (2:1-34)
      4 The duties and census of the Levites 1 (3:1-51)
    5 The duties and census of the Levites 2 (4:1-49)
  6 Regulations for rituals and vow (5:1-6:27)
7 Offerings of the leaders (7:1-88)
Former halfRelationLatter half
1 The first census of Israel (1:1-47)
1:4"To assist you there shall be a man from each tribe, the head of his ancestral house.
Leader of the tribe7 Offerings of the leaders (7:1-88)
7:2an offering was made by the princes of Israel, who were heads of ancestral houses;
2 The duties of Levites (1:48-54)
1:50You are to give the Levites charge of the Dwelling of the commandments with all its equipment and all that belongs to it. It is they who shall carry the Dwelling with all its equipment and who shall be its ministers. They shall therefore camp around the Dwelling.
Given to Levites / priests 6 Regulations for rituals and vow (5:1-6:27)
5:9Likewise, every sacred contribution that the Israelites are bound to make shall fall to the priest.
3 The order of encampment and marching (2:1-34)
2:33The Levites, however, were not registered with the other Israelites, for so the LORD had commanded Moses.
To register Levites5 The duties and census of the Levites 2 (4:1-49)
4:46Therefore, when Moses and Aaron and the Israelites princes had completed the registration among the Levites, by clans and ancestral houses, 4:47of all the men between thirty and fifty years of age who were to undertake tasks of service or transport of the meeting tent,

4-1-2

7 Offerings of the leaders (7:1-88)
  8 Consecration and Service of the Levites (7:89-8:26)
    9 The passover at Sinai (9:1-14)
      10 The cloud and the fire (9:15-23)
    11 The silver trumpets (10:1-10)
  12 Departure from Sinai (10:11-28)
13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
Former halfRelationLatter half
7 Offerings of the leaders (7:1-88)
7:4The LORD then said to Moses, 7:5"Accept their offering, that these things may be put to use in the service of the meeting tent. Assign them to the Levites, to each group in proportion to its duties." 7:6So Moses accepted the wagons and oxen, and assigned them to the Levites. 7:7He gave two wagons and four oxen to the Gershonites in proportion to their duties, 7:8and four wagons and eight oxen to the Merarites in proportion to their duties, under the supervision of Ithamar, son of Aaron the priest. 7:9He gave none to the Kohathites,
Distributing prosperity of the Lord13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
10:32If you come with us, we will share with you the prosperity the LORD will bestow on us."
8 Consecration and Service of the Levites (7:89-8:26)
8:15"Only then shall the Levites enter upon their service in the meeting tent.
Tasks of Levites about the Dwelling12 Departure from Sinai (10:11-28)
10:17Then, after the Dwelling was dismantled, the clans of Gershon and Merari set out, carrying the Dwelling.
9 The passover at Sinai (9:1-14)
9:13because he did not present the LORD'S offering at the prescribed time.
Offering11 The silver trumpets (10:1-10)
10:10On your days of celebration, your festivals, and your new-moon feasts, you shall blow the trumpets over your holocausts and your peace offerings;

4-2

13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
  14 The ark of the covenant (10:33-36)
    15 Complaining in the Desert (11:1-35)
      16 Aaron and Miriam Jealous of Moses (12:1-16)
        17 Spies sent into Canaan (13:1-24)
          18 The report of the spies (13:25-33)
            19 The People Rebel (14:1-10)
          20 Sin of rebellion (14:11-35)
        21 An Attempted Invasion is Repulsed (14:36-45)
      22 Sin offerings (15:1-31)
    23 Penalty for violating the Sabbath (15:32-36)
  24 Fringes on garments (15:37-41)
25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
Former halfRelationLatter half
13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
10:30"No, I will not come. I am going instead to my own country and to my own kindred."
Not going25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
16:12"We will not go.
14 The ark of the covenant (10:33-36)
10:36"Return, O LORD, you who ride upon the clouds, to the troops of Israel."
God of Israel, the Lord24 Fringes on garments (15:37-41)
15:41I, the LORD, am your God who, as God, brought you out of Egypt that I, the LORD, may be your God."
15 Complaining in the Desert (11:1-35)
11:33But while the meat was still between their teeth, before it could be consumed, the LORD'S wrath flared up against the people, and he struck them with a very great plague.
Death caused by a sin23 Penalty for violating the Sabbath (15:32-36)
15:36So the whole community led him outside the camp and stoned him to death, as the LORD had commanded Moses.
16 Aaron and Miriam Jealous of Moses (12:1-16)
12:14"Suppose her father had spit in her face, would she not hide in shame for seven days? Let her be confined outside the camp for seven days; only then may she be brought back."
Atonement of a sin22 Sin offerings (15:1-31)
15:27"However, if it is an individual who sins inadvertently, he shall bring a yearling she-goat as a sin offering,
17 Spies sent into Canaan (13:1-24)
13:2 "Send men to reconnoiter the land of Canaan, which I am giving to the Israelites. You shall send one man from each ancestral tribe, all of them princes." (13:2)
The men who had gone to reconnoiter the land21 An Attempted Invasion is Repulsed (14:36-45)
14:37 these men who had given out the bad report about the land were struck down by the LORD and died. 14:38 Of all the men who had gone to reconnoiter the land, only Joshua, son of Nun, and Caleb, son of Jephunneh, survived.(14:37-38)
18 The report of the spies (13:25-33)
13:31 But the men who had gone up with him said, "We cannot attack these people; they are too strong for us."(13:31)
Detour20 Sin of rebellion (14:11-35)
14:25 But now, since the Amalekites and Canaanites are living in the valleys, turn away tomorrow and set out in the desert on the Red Sea road."(14:25)

4-2-1

13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
  14 The ark of the covenant (10:33-36)
    15 Complaining in the Desert (11:1-35)
      16 Aaron and Miriam Jealous of Moses (12:1-16)
    17 Spies sent into Canaan (13:1-24)
  18 The report of the spies (13:25-33)
19 The People Rebel (14:1-10)
Former halfRelationLatter half
13 Moses and Hobab (10:29-32)
10:30But he answered, "No, I will not come. I am going instead to my own country and to my own kindred."
Wishing to return19 The People Rebel (14:1-10)
14:4So they said to one another, "Let us appoint a leader and go back to Egypt."
14 The ark of the covenant (10:33-36)
10:35Whenever the ark set out, Moses would say, "Arise, O LORD, that your enemies may be scattered, and those who hate you may flee before you."
Defeating18 The report of the spies (13:25-33)
13:30Caleb, however, to quiet the people toward Moses, said, "We ought to go up and seize the land, for we can certainly do so."
15 Complaining in the Desert (11:1-35)
11:5We remember the fish we used to eat without cost in Egypt, and the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the onions, and the garlic.
Products of a land17 Spies sent into Canaan (13:1-24)
13:23They also reached the Wadi Eshcol, where they cut down a branch with a single cluster of grapes on it, which two of them carried on a pole, as well as some pomegranates and figs.

4-2-2

19 The People Rebel (14:1-10)
  20 Sin of rebellion (14:11-35)
    21 An Attempted Invasion is Repulsed (14:36-45)
      22 Sin offerings (15:1-31)
    23 Penalty for violating the Sabbath (15:32-36)
  24 Fringes on garments (15:37-41)
25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
Former halfRelationLatter half
19 The People Rebel (14:1-10)
14:10In answer, the whole community threatened to stone them.
Rebellion25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
16:1Korah, son of Izhar, son of Kohath, son of Levi, (and Dathan and Abiram, sons of Eliab, son of Pallu, son of Reuben) took 16:2two hundred and fifty Israelites who were leaders in the community, members of the council and men of note. They stood before Moses,
20 Sin of rebellion (14:11-35)
14:13 But Moses said to the LORD: "Are the Egyptians to hear of this? For by your power you brought out this people from among them.(14:13)
Exodus24 Fringes on garments (15:37-41)
15:41 I, the LORD, am your God who, as God, brought you out of Egypt that I, the LORD, may be your God."(15:41)
21 An Attempted Invasion is Repulsed (14:36-45)
14:37 these men who had given out the bad report about the land were struck down by the LORD and died. (14:37)
Death of sinner23 Penalty for violating the Sabbath (15:32-36)
15:35 Then the LORD said to Moses, "This man shall be put to death; let the whole community stone him outside the camp."(15:35)

4-3

25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
  26 Aaron saves the people (17:6-15)
    27 Aaron's Rod (17:16-28)
      28 Regulations about priests and Levites (18:1-32)
        29 Ceremony of the Red Heifer (19:1-22)
          30 The waters of Meribah (20:1-13)
            31 Passages through Edom refused (20:14-21)
          32 The death of Aaron (20:22-29)
        33 King Arad defeated (21:1-3)
      34 The Bronze Serpent (21:4-9)
    35 The journey to Moab (21:10-20)
  36 King Sihon and King Og defeated (21:21-35)
37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
Former halfRelationLatter half
25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
16:33They went down alive to the nether world with all belonging to them; the earth closed over them,
Covered under the earth37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
22:5"A people has come here from Egypt who now cover the face of the earth and are settling down opposite us!
26 Aaron saves the people (17:6-15)
17:10"Depart from this community, that I may consume them at once."
Ruined person36 King Sihon and King Og defeated (21:21-35)
21:30Their plowland is ruined from Heshbon to Dibon;
27 Aaron's Rod (17:16-28)
17:17get one staff from them for each ancestral house, twelve staffs in all,
Staffs of leaders35 The journey to Moab (21:10-20)
21:18The well that the princes sank, that the nobles of the people dug, with their scepters and their staffs."
28 Regulations about priests and Levites (18:1-32)
18:1"You and your sons as well as the other members of your ancestral house shall be responsible for the sanctuary;
Sin34 The Bronze Serpent (21:4-9)
21:7"We have sinned in complaining against the LORD and you. Pray the LORD to take the serpents from us."
29 Ceremony of the Red Heifer (19:1-22)
19:16Moreover, everyone who in the open country touches a dead person, whether he was slain by the sword or died naturally, or who touches a human bone or a grave, shall be unclean for seven days.
Death, doom33 King Arad defeated (21:1-3)
21:3Later, when the LORD heeded Israel's prayer and delivered up the Canaanites, they doomed them and their cities. Hence that place was named Hormah.
30 The waters of Meribah (20:1-13)
20:13These are the waters of Meribah, where the Israelites contended against the LORD, and where he revealed his sanctity among them.
The waters of Meribah32 The death of Aaron (20:22-29)
20:24he shall not enter the land I am giving to the Israelites, because you both rebelled against my commandment at the waters of Meribah.

4-3-1

25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
  26 Aaron saves the people (17:6-15)
    27 Aaron's Rod (17:16-28)
      28 Regulations about priests and Levites (18:1-32)
    29 Ceremony of the Red Heifer (19:1-22)
  30 The waters of Meribah (20:1-13)
31 Passages through Edom refused (20:14-21)
Former halfRelationLatter half
25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
16:33They went down alive to the nether world with all belonging to them; the earth closed over them, and they perished from the community.
Ruin31 Passages through Edom refused (20:14-21)
20:18"You shall not pass through here; if you do, I will advance against you with the sword."
25 Revolt of Korah, Dathan, and Abram (16:1-17:5)
16:15I have never taken a single ass from them, nor have I wronged any one of them."
Not stealing31 Passages through Edom refused (20:14-21)
20:17Kindly let us pass through your country. We will not cross any fields or vineyards, nor drink any well water, but we will go straight along the royal road without turning to the right or to the left, until we have passed through your territory."
26 Aaron saves the people (17:6-15)
17:6the whole Israelite community grumbled against Moses and Aaron, saying, "It is you who have slain the LORD'S people."
Grumbling people30 The waters of Meribah (20:1-13)
20:2As the community had no water, they held a council against Moses and Aaron.
27 Aaron's Rod (17:16-28)
17:25so that their grumbling may cease before me; if it does not, they will die."
The Lord ruins people29 Ceremony of the Red Heifer (19:1-22)
19:20Any unclean man who fails to have himself purified shall be cut off from the community,

4-3-2

31 Passages through Edom refused (20:14-21)
  32 The death of Aaron (20:22-29)
    33 King Arad defeated (21:1-3)
      34 The Bronze Serpent (21:4-9)
    35 The journey to Moab (21:10-20)
  36 King Sihon and King Og defeated (21:21-35)
37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
Former halfRelationLatter half
31 Passages through Edom refused (20:14-21)
20:16he heard our cry and sent an angel who led us out of Egypt.
Coming from Egypt37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
22:5"A people has come here from Egypt
32 The death of Aaron (20:22-29)
20:24he shall not enter the land I am giving to the Israelites,
People shall not enter the land36 King Sihon and King Og defeated (21:21-35)
21:23Sihon, however, would not let Israel pass through his territory,
33 King Arad defeated (21:1-3)
21:1the Israelites were coming along the way of Atharim,
The way of Israel35 The journey to Moab (21:10-20)
21:10The Israelites moved on and encamped in Oboth. 21:11 Setting out from Oboth, they encamped in Iye-abarim in the desert fronting Moab on the east. 21:12Setting out from there, they encamped in the Wadi Zered. 21:13Setting out from there, they encamped on the other side of the Arnon,

4-4

37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
  38 Balaam's oracle (22:41-24:25)
    39 Worship of Baal of Peor (25:1-19)
      40 A Census of the New Generation (26:1-65)
        41 The daughters of Zelophehad (27:1-11)
          42 Joshua appointed Moses' successor (27:12-23)
            43 Regulations about offerings and vow (28:1-30:17)
          44 War against Midiam (31:1-54)
        45 Conquest and division of transjordan (32:1-42)
      46 The stages of Israel's journey from Egypt (33:1-49)
    47 Orders about heritage (33:50-34:29)
  48 Cities for the Levites and Refuge (35:1-34)
49 Marriages of female heirs (36:1-13)
Former halfRelationLatter half
37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
22:1the plains of Moab on the other side of the Jericho stretch of the Jordan.
The plains of Moab49 Marriages of female heirs (36:1-13)
36:13These are the commandments and decisions which the LORD prescribed for the Israelites through Moses, on the plains of Moab beside the Jericho stretch of the Jordan.
38 Balaam's oracle (22:41-24:25)
24:13'Even if Balak gave me his house full of silver and gold, I could not of my own accord to anything, good or evil, contrary to the command of the LORD'?
Perjury and bribery48 Cities for the Levites and Refuge (35:1-34)
35:31"You shall not accept indemnity in place of the life of a murderer who deserves the death penalty;
39 Worship of Baal of Peor (25:1-19)
25:14The Israelite slain with the Midianite woman was Zimri, son of Salu, prince of an ancestral house of the Simeonites.
Leaders of tribes47 Orders about heritage (33:50-34:29)
34:18and one prince from each of the tribes whom you shall designate for this task.
40 A Census of the New Generation (26:1-65)
The second census (25:19-26:65)
List of Israel46 The stages of Israel's journey from Egypt (33:1-49)
The stages of Israel's journey (33:1-49)
40 A Census of the New Generation (26:1-65)
26:3So on the plains of Moab along the Jericho stretch of the Jordan, Moses and the priest Eleazar registered
The plains of Moab46 The stages of Israel's journey from Egypt (33:1-49)
33:48Setting out from the Abarim Mountains, they camped on the plains of Moab along the Jericho stretch of the Jordan.
41 The daughters of Zelophehad (27:1-11)
the daughters of Zelphehad (27:1-11)
The land of heritage45 Conquest and division of transjordan (32:1-42)
32:19so long as we receive a heritage for ourselves on this eastern side of the Jordan."
42 Joshua appointed Moses' successor (27:12-23)
27:13When you have viewed it, you too shall be taken to your people, as was your brother Aaron,
Prophecy of Moses' death44 War against Midiam (31:1-54)
31:2and then you shall be taken to your people."

4-4-1

37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
  38 Balaam's oracle (22:41-24:25)
    39 Worship of Baal of Peor (25:1-19)
      40 A Census of the New Generation (26:1-65)
    41 The daughters of Zelophehad (27:1-11)
  42 Joshua appointed Moses' successor (27:12-23)
43 Regulations about offerings and vow (28:1-30:17)
Former halfRelationLatter half
37 Balak and Balaam (22:1-40)
22:18I could not do anything, small or great, contrary to the command of the LORD, my God.
Fulfillment of the words43 Regulations about offerings and vow (28:1-30:17)
30:3When a man makes a vow to the LORD or binds himself under oath to a pledge of abstinence, he shall not violate his word, but must fulfill exactly the promise he has uttered.
38 Balaam's oracle (22:41-24:25)
24:17and a staff shall rise from Israel, That shall smite the brows of Moab, and the skulls of all the Shuthites,
Leader of Israel42 Joshua appointed Moses' successor (27:12-23)
27:16"May the LORD, the God of the spirits of all mankind, set over the community a man 27:17who shall act as their leader in all things, to guide them in all their actions; that the LORD'S community may not be like sheep without a shepherd."
39 Worship of Baal of Peor (25:1-19)
25:1While Israel was living at Shittim, the people degraded themselves by having illicit relations with the Moabite women. 25:2These then invited the people to the sacrifices of their god, and the people ate of the sacrifices and worshiped their god.
Daughter41 The daughters of Zelophehad (27:1-11)
27:1Zelophehad, son of Hepher, son of Gilead, son of Machir, son of Manasseh, son of Joseph, had daughters named Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah and Tirzah. They came forward,

4-4-2

43 Regulations about offerings and vow (28:1-30:17)
  44 War against Midiam (31:1-54)
    45 Conquest and division of transjordan (32:1-42)
      46 The stages of Israel's journey from Egypt (33:1-49)
    47 Orders about heritage (33:50-34:29)
  48 Cities for the Levites and Refuge (35:1-34)
49 Marriages of female heirs (36:1-13)
Former halfRelationLatter half
43 Regulations about offerings and vow (28:1-30:17)
Vows made by women (30:4-17)
Rules about women49 Marriages of female heirs (36:1-13)
The daughters of Zelphehad (36:1-13)
44 War against Midiam (31:1-54)
31:47From this, the Israelites' share, Moses, as the LORD had ordered, took one out of every fifty, both of persons and of beasts, and gave them to the Levites, who had charge of the LORD'S Dwelling.
Hereditary property of Levites48 Cities for the Levites and Refuge (35:1-34)
35:2out of their hereditary property they shall give the Levites cities for homes, as well as pasture lands around the cities.
45 Conquest and division of transjordan (32:1-42)
32:19so long as we receive a heritage for ourselves on this eastern side of the Jordan."
The land of heritage47 Orders about heritage (33:50-34:29)
34:2When you enter the land of Canaan, this is the territory that shall fall to you as your heritage--the land of Canaan with its boundaries:

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