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Literary structure (chiasmus, chiasm) of Books of Minor Prophets

Chiasmus and Concentric Structure of divided by 4


4-1

1 The family of Hosea (Ho1:1-Ho2:3)
  2 Betrayal of Israel (Ho2:4-15)
    3 Salvation of Israel (Ho2:16-25)
      4 Further assurance of God's redeeming love (Ho3:1-5)
        5 The idolatry of Israel (Ho4:1-Ho5:7)
          6 Sin and punishment of war (Ho5:8-Ho6:11)
            7 Futile reliance on the nations (Ho7:1-12)
              8 Israel's apostasy (Ho7:13-Ho8:14)
                9 Sin at Baal-peor and Gilgal (Ho9:1-17)
                  10 Israel's sin and captivity (Ho10:1-15)
                    11 God's compassion despite Israel's ingratitude (Ho11:1-11)
                      12 The history of rebellion (Ho12:1-14_Ho14:1)
                        13 Assurance of forgiveness (Ho14:2-10)
                        14 Lamentation over the ruin of the country (Jl1:1-12)
                      15 The day of the LORD is coming (Jl1:13-Jl2:14)
                    16 God's response and promise (Jl2:15-27)
                  17 God's spirit poured out (Jl3:1-5)
                18 Vengeance of the LORD (Jl4:1-8)
              19 Judgment in the valley of Jehoshaphat (Jl4:9-17)
            20 The glorious future of Judah (Jl4:18-21)
          21 Judgment on nations (Am1:1-Am2:5)
        22 Judgment on Israel (Am2:6-16)
      23 Sin of Israel (Am3:1-15)
    24 Unbelief of Israel (Am4:1-11)
  25 Seek the LORD (Am4:12-Am5:8)
26 The day of judgment (Am5:9-17)
Former halfRelationLatter half
1 The family of Hosea (Ho1:1-Ho2:3)
1:7 Yet for the house of Judah I feel pity (1:7)
Pity26 The day of judgment (Am5:9-17)
5:15 the LORD, the God of hosts, will have pity on the remnant of Joseph. (5:15)
2 Betrayal of Israel (Ho2:4-15)
2:4 Protest against your mother, protest! for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband. (2:4)
Metaphor of a woman as a nation25 Seek the LORD (Am4:12-Am5:8)
5:2 She is fallen, to rise no more, the virgin Israel (5:2)
3 Salvation of Israel (Ho2:16-25)
2:17 She shall respond there as in the days of her youth, when she came up from the land of Egypt. (2:17)
Returning / Not returning24 Unbelief of Israel (Am4:1-11)
4:6 Yet you returned not to me (4:6)
4 Further assurance of God's redeeming love (Ho3:1-5)
3:4 For the people of Israel shall remain many days without king or prince, Without sacrifice or sacred pillar, without ephod or household idols.(3:4)
Destruction of the ritual 23 Sin of Israel (Am3:1-15)
3:14 The horns of the altar shall be broken off and fall to the ground. (3:14)
5 The idolatry of Israel (Ho4:1-Ho5:7)
4:1 Hear the word of the LORD, O people of Israel, for the LORD has a grievance against the inhabitants of the land: There is no fidelity, no mercy, no knowledge of God in the land. (4:1)
Accusation of sins of Israel22 Judgment on Israel (Am2:6-16)
2:6 For three crimes of Israel, and for four, I will not revoke my word (2:6)
6 Sin and punishment of war (Ho5:8-Ho6:11)
5:12 I am like a moth for Ephraim, like maggots for the house of Judah.(5:12)
Punishment against Judah21 Judgment on nations (Am1:1-Am2:5)
2:5 I will send fire upon Judah, to devour the castles of Jerusalem. (2:5)
7 Futile reliance on the nations (Ho7:1-12)
7:9 Strangers have sapped his strength, but he takes no notice of it (7:9)
Invasion of other nations20 The glorious future of Judah (Jl4:18-21)
4:19 Egypt shall be a waste, and Edom a desert waste, Because of violence done to the people of Judah, because they shed innocent blood in their land. (4:19)
8 Israel's apostasy (Ho7:13-Ho8:14)
8:8 he is now among the nations a thing of no value. (8:8)
People of the nations19 Judgment in the valley of Jehoshaphat (Jl4:9-17)
4:9 Declare this among the nations: proclaim a war, rouse the warriors to arms! (4:9)
9 Sin at Baal-peor and Gilgal (Ho9:1-17)
9:3 They shall not dwell in the LORD'S land; Ephraim shall return to Egypt, and in Assyria they shall eat unclean food. (9:3)
Diaspora18 Vengeance of the LORD (Jl4:1-8)
4:2 they have scattered them among the nations, and divided my land.(4:2)
10 Israel's sin and captivity (Ho10:1-15)
10:12 for it is time to seek the LORD (10:12)
Seeking the LORD17 God's spirit poured out (Jl3:1-5)
3:5 in Jerusalem survivors whom the LORD shall call.(3:5)
11 God's compassion despite Israel's ingratitude (Ho11:1-11)
11:8 My heart is overwhelmed, my pity is stirred.(11:8)
Pity16 God's response and promise (Jl2:15-27)
2:18 Then the LORD was stirred to concern for his land and took pity on his people. (2:18)
12 The history of rebellion (Ho12:1-14_Ho14:1)
12:7 You shall return by the help of your God (12:7)
Returning15 The day of the LORD is coming (Jl1:13-Jl2:14)
2:12 return to me with your whole heart (2:12)
13 Assurance of forgiveness (Ho14:2-10)
14:10 Let him who is wise understand these things; let him who is prudent know them. (14:10)
Understand14 Lamentation over the ruin of the country (Jl1:1-12)
1:2 Hear this, you elders! Pay attention, all you who dwell in the land! (1:2)

4-2

26 The day of judgment (Am5:9-17)
  27 Festival and justice (Am5:18-27)
    28 Judgment on arrogant people (Am6:1-14)
      29 The first, second and third vision (Am7:1-9)
        30 Amaziah complains to the king (Am7:10-17)
          31 The fourth vision (Am8:1-14)
            32 The God of whole world (Am9:1-10)
              33 The restoration of David's kingdom (Am9:11-15)
                34 Book of Obadiah (Ob1:1-21)
                  35 Jonah tries to run away from God (Jon1:1-3)
                    36 Jonah's disaster (Jon1:4-16)
                      37 A psalm of thanksgiving (Jon2:1-11)
                        38 Conversion of Nineveh (Jon3:1-10)
                        39 Jonah is reproved (Jon4:1-11)
                      40 Judgment pronounced against Samaria (Mi1:1-7)
                    41 The doom of the cities of Judah (Mi1:8-16)
                  42 Social evils denounced (Mi2:1-13)
                43 Wicked rulers and prophets (Mi3:1-12)
              44 Restoration promised after exile (Mi4:1-14)
            45 The ruler from Bethlehem (Mi5:1-8)
          46 The future role of the remnant (Mi5:9-14)
        47 God challenges Israel (Mi6:1-8)
      48 Cheating and violence to be punished (Mi6:9-16)
    49 The total corruption of the people (Mi7:1-8)
  50 Penitence and trust in God (Mi7:9-13)
51 God's compassion and steadfast love (Mi7:14-20)
Former halfRelationLatter half
26 The day of judgment (Am5:9-17)
5:12 Yes, I know how many are your crimes, how grievous your sins (5:12)
Sins and crimes51 God's compassion and steadfast love (Mi7:14-20)
7:18 Who is there like you, the God who removes guilt and pardons sin for the remnant of his inheritance (7:18)
27 Festival and justice (Am5:18-27)
5:24 then let justice surge like water, and goodness like an unfailing stream.(5:24)
Justice50 Penitence and trust in God (Mi7:9-13)
7:9 I will see his justice. (7:9)
28 Judgment on arrogant people (Am6:1-14)
6:3 You would put off the evil day, yet you hasten the reign of violence! (6:3)
Injustice49 The total corruption of the people (Mi7:1-8)
7:2 The faithful are gone from the earth, among men the upright are no more! They all lie in wait to shed blood, each one ensnares the other. (7:2)
29 The first, second and third vision (Am7:1-9)
7:8 I will forgive them no longer (7:8)
The patience of the Lord 48 Cheating and violence to be punished (Mi6:9-16)
6:10 Am I to bear any longer criminal hoarding and the meager ephah that is accursed? (6:10)
30 Amaziah complains to the king (Am7:10-17)
7:11 For this is what Amos says: Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel shall surely be exiled from its land. (7:11)
Accusation47 God challenges Israel (Mi6:1-8)
6:1 Hear, then, what the LORD says: Arise, present your plea before the mountains, and let the hills hear your voice! (6:1)
31 The fourth vision (Am8:1-14)
8:3 Many shall be the corpses, strewn everywhere.--Silence! (8:3)
Destruction of cities46 The future role of the remnant (Mi5:9-14)
5:10 I will demolish the cities of your land and tear down all your fortresses. (5:10)
32 The God of whole world (Am9:1-10)
9:8 I will not destroy the house of Jacob completely (9:8)
The remnant of Jacob45 The ruler from Bethlehem (Mi5:1-8)
5:6 The remnant of Jacob shall be in the midst of many peoples (5:6)
33 The restoration of David's kingdom (Am9:11-15)
9:13 Yes, days are coming (9:13)
The day is coming44 Restoration promised after exile (Mi4:1-14)
4:6 On that day, says the LORD, I will gather the lame (4:6)
34 Book of Obadiah (Ob1:1-21)
1:10 Because of violence to your brother Jacob, disgrace shall cover you and you shall be destroyed forever.(1:10)
Wickedness 43 Wicked rulers and prophets (Mi3:1-12)
3:10 Who build up Zion with bloodshed, and Jerusalem with wickedness! (3:10)
35 Jonah tries to run away from God (Jon1:1-3)
1:2 their wickedness has come up before me. (1:2)
Wickedness 42 Social evils denounced (Mi2:1-13)
2:1 Woe to those who plan iniquity, and work out evil on their couches (2:1)
36 Jonah's disaster (Jon1:4-16)
Jonah's rebellion
Betrayal against the LORD41 The doom of the cities of Judah (Mi1:8-16)
1:13 the beginning of sin for daughter Zion, Because there were in you the crimes of Israel. (1:13)
37 A psalm of thanksgiving (Jon2:1-11)
2:9 Those who worship vain idols forsake their source of mercy. (2:9)
Idolatry40 Judgment pronounced against Samaria (Mi1:1-7)
1:7 All her idols shall be broken to pieces (1:7)
38 Conversion of Nineveh (Jon3:1-10)
3:10 he repented of the evil that he had threatened to do to them; he did not carry it out.(3:10)
Punishment will be stopped39 Jonah is reproved (Jon4:1-11)
4:2 I knew that you are a gracious and merciful God, slow to anger, rich in clemency, loathe to punish. (4:2)

4-3

51 God's compassion and steadfast love (Mi7:14-20)
  52 The consuming wrath of God (Na1:1-8)
    53 Evil plot (Na1:9-11)
      54 Breaking the yoke (Na1:12-14 )
        55 Good news for Judah (Na2:1-3)
          56 The destruction of the wicked city (Na2:4-11)
            57 Ruin imminent and inevitable (Na2:12-Na3:6)
              58 Judgment on Nineveh (Na3:7-19)
                59 The prophet's complaint (Hab1:1-2:6a)
                  60 The woes of the wicked (Hab2:6b-20)
                    61 The prophet's prayer (Hab3:1-19)
                      62 The coming judgment on Judah (Zp1:1-18)
                        63 The great day of the LORD (Zp2:1-4)
                        64 Judgment on Israel's enemies (Zp2:5-15)
                      65 Punishment and conversion of the nations (Zp3:1-13)
                    66 A song of joy (Zp3:14-20)
                  67 The command to rebuild the temple (Hg1:1-11)
                68 Beginning of construction (Hg1:12-15)
              69 The future glory of the temple (Hg2:1-9)
            70 A rebuke and a promise (Hg2:10-19)
          71 God's promise to Zerubbabel (Hg2:20-23)
        72 Israel urged to repent (Zc1:1-6)
      73 First vision (Zc1:7-17)
    74 Second vision and third vision (Zc2:1-6)
  75 An appeal to the exiles (Zc2:7-17)
76 Fourth vision (Zc3:1-10)
Former halfRelationLatter half
51 God's compassion and steadfast love (Mi7:14-20)
7:18 Who is there like you, the God who removes guilt and pardons sin for the remnant of his inheritance (7:18)
Forgiveness of sins76 Fourth vision (Zc3:1-10)
3:4 Take off his filthy garments, and clothe him in festal garments. (3:4)
52 The consuming wrath of God (Na1:1-8)
1:7 The LORD is good, a refuge on the day of distress (1:7)
Protection by the LORD75 An appeal to the exiles (Zc2:7-17)
2:9 But I will be for her an encircling wall of fire, says the LORD (2:9)
53 Evil plot (Na1:9-11)
1:9 It is he who will make an end! The enemy shall not rise a second time;(1:9)
Complete destruction74 Second vision and third vision (Zc2:1-6)
2:4 Here are the horns that scattered Judah, so that no man raised his head any more (2:4)
54 Breaking the yoke (Na1:12-14 )
1:12 Though I have humbled you, I will humble you no more.(1:12)
End of the punishment73 First vision (Zc1:7-17)
1:17 My cities shall again overflow with prosperity; the LORD will again comfort Zion, and again choose Jerusalem.(1:17)
55 Good news for Judah (Na2:1-3)
2:3 The LORD will restore the vine of Jacob (2:3)
Restoration72 Israel urged to repent (Zc1:1-6)
1:3 Return to me, says the LORD of hosts, and I will return to you (1:3)
56 The destruction of the wicked city (Na2:4-11)
2:5 the chariots dash madly through the streets And wheel in the squares (2:5)
Chariots71 God's promise to Zerubbabel (Hg2:20-23)
2:22 I will overthrow the chariots and their riders (2:22)
57 Ruin imminent and inevitable (Na2:12-Na3:6)
2:14 Your preying on the land I will bring to an end, the cry of your lionesses shall be heard no more.(2:14)
Famine70 A rebuke and a promise (Hg2:10-19)
2:17 I struck you in all the works of your hands with blight, searing wind, and hail (2:17)
58 Judgment on Nineveh (Na3:7-19)
3:7 Nineveh is destroyed (3:7)
Destruction of cities69 The future glory of the temple (Hg2:1-9)
2:3 Who is left among you that saw this house in its former glory? And how do you see it now? Does it not seem like nothing in your eyes? (2:3)
59 The prophet's complaint (Hab1:1-2:6a)
2:4 the just man, because of his faith, shall live (2:4)
Faith68 Beginning of construction (Hg1:12-15)
1:12 Then Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, and the high priest Joshua, son of Jehozadak, and all the remnant of the people listened to the voice of the LORD (1:12)
60 The woes of the wicked (Hab2:6b-20)
2:12 Woe to him who builds a city by bloodshed, and establishes a town by wickedness! (2:12)
Unjust construction67 The command to rebuild the temple (Hg1:1-11)
1:4 Is it time for you to dwell in your own paneled houses, while this house lies in ruins?(1:4)
61 The prophet's prayer (Hab3:1-19)
3:13 You come forth to save your people, to save your anointed one. (3:13)
Salvation66 A song of joy (Zp3:14-20)
3:19 I will save the lame, and assemble the outcasts (3:19)
62 The coming judgment on Judah (Zp1:1-18)
1:18 Neither their silver nor their gold shall be able to save them on the day of the LORD'S wrath (1:18)
The wrath of the LORD65 Punishment and conversion of the nations (Zp3:1-13)
3:8 In order to pour out upon them my wrath, all my blazing anger (3:8)
63 The great day of the LORD (Zp2:1-4)
2:4 For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon shall be a waste, Ashdod they shall drive out at midday, and Ekron shall be uprooted.(2:4)
Destruction of the nations64 Judgment on Israel's enemies (Zp2:5-15)
2:13 He will stretch out his hand against the north, to destroy Assyria; He will make Nineveh a waste, dry as the desert. (2:13)

4-4

76 Fourth vision (Zc3:1-10)
  77 Fifth vision (Zc4:1-14)
    78 Sixth and seventh vision (Zc5:1-11)
      79 Eighth vision (Zc6:1-8)
        80 The coronation of the branch (Zc6:9-15)
          81 Question of prophet (Zc7:1-7)
            82 Punishment for rejecting God's demands (Zc7:8-14)
              83 The promise about Zion (Zc8:1-8)
                84 The seed of peace (Zc8:9-13)
                  85 Judgment for peace (Zc8:14-17)
                    86 Joyful fasting (Zc8:18-23)
                      87 Judgment on Israel's enemies (Zc9:1-8)
                        88 The coming ruler of God's people (Zc9:9-Zc11:3)
                        89 Two kinds of shepherds (Zc11:4-17)
                      90 Jerusalem's victory (Zc12:1-6)
                    91 Mourning for the pierced one (Zc12:7-14)
                  92 Idolatry cut off (Zc13:1-6)
                93 The shepherd struck, the flock scattered (Zc13:7-9)
              94 The day of the LORD is coming (Zc14:1-7)
            95 Fight in Jerusalem (Zc14:8-19)
          96 Final victory (Zc14:20-21)
        97 Corruption of the priesthood (Ml1:1-13)
      98 Exhortation to priests (Ml1:14-Ml2:9)
    99 Do not betray (Ml2:10-16)
  100 The coming messenger (Ml2:17-Ml3:15)
101 The day of the LORD (Ml3:16-24)
Former halfRelationLatter half
76 Fourth vision (Zc3:1-10)
3:7 If you walk in my ways and heed my charge, you shall judge my house and keep my courts (3:7)
Fear for the LORD101 The day of the LORD (Ml3:16-24)
3:20 for you who fear my name, there will arise the sun of justice with its healing rays (3:20)
77 Fifth vision (Zc4:1-14)
4:14 These are the two anointed who stand by the LORD of the whole earth (4:14)
Servants of the LORD100 The coming messenger (Ml2:17-Ml3:15)
3:1 Lo, I am sending my messenger to prepare the way before me (3:1)
78 Sixth and seventh vision (Zc5:1-11)
5:3 in accordance with it shall every perjurer be expelled from here. (5:3)
Perjury 99 Do not betray (Ml2:10-16)
2:10 Why then do we break faith with each other, violating the covenant of our fathers?(2:10)
79 Eighth vision (Zc6:1-8)
6:7 "Go, patrol the earth!" Then, as they patrolled the earth, (6:7)
Being sent by the LORD98 Exhortation to priests (Ml1:14-Ml2:9)
2:2 I will send a curse upon you and of your blessing I will make a curse (2:2)
80 The coronation of the branch (Zc6:9-15)
6:12 he shall build the temple of the LORD. (6:12)
Rebuilding97 Corruption of the priesthood (Ml1:1-13)
1:4 We have been crushed but we will rebuild the ruins (1:4)
81 Question of prophet (Zc7:1-7)
7:3 Must I mourn and abstain in the fifth month as I have been doing these many years? (7:3)
Unjust rituals96 Final victory (Zc14:20-21)
14:21 On that day there shall no longer be any merchant in the house of the LORD of hosts.(14:21)
82 Punishment for rejecting God's demands (Zc7:8-14)
7:14 but would scatter them with a whirlwind among all the nations that they did not know (7:14)
Diaspora / return 95 Fight in Jerusalem (Zc14:8-19)
14:11 they shall occupy her. Never again shall she be doomed; Jerusalem shall abide in security. (14:11)
83 The promise about Zion (Zc8:1-8)
8:3 I will return to Zion, and I will dwell within Jerusalem (8:3)
Restoration / destruction of Jerusalem94 The day of the LORD is coming (Zc14:1-7)
14:2half of the city shall go into exile, but the rest of the people shall not be removed from the city. (14:2)
84 The seed of peace (Zc8:9-13)
8:13 so will I save you that you may be a blessing; do not fear, but let your hands be strong. (8:13)
Converted people93 The shepherd struck, the flock scattered (Zc13:7-9)
13:9 I will bring the one third through fire, and I will refine them as silver is refined, and I will test them as gold is tested@(13:9)
85 Judgment for peace (Zc8:14-17)
8:16 Speak the truth to one another; let there be honesty and peace in the judgments at your gates, (8:16)
Escape from sins92 Idolatry cut off (Zc13:1-6)
13:1 a fountain to purify from sin and uncleanness.(13:1)
86 Joyful fasting (Zc8:18-23)
8:19 The fast days of the fourth, the fifth, the seventh, and the tenth months shall become occasions of joy and gladness, cheerful festivals for the house of Judah; only love faithfulness and peace.(8:19)
Salvation of Judah91 Mourning for the pierced one (Zc12:7-14)
12:7 The LORD shall save the tents of Judah first (12:7)
87 Judgment on Israel's enemies (Zc9:1-8)
9:4 she shall be devoured by fire. (9:4)
Being devoured by fire90 Jerusalem's victory (Zc12:1-6)
12:6 On that day I will make the princes of Judah like a brazier of fire in the woodland, and like a burning torch among sheaves, and they shall devour right and left all the surrounding peoples. (12:6)
88 The coming ruler of God's people (Zc9:9-Zc11:3)
10:3 My wrath is kindled against the shepherds (10:3)
Unjust shepherd89 Two kinds of shepherds (Zc11:4-17)
11:16 For I will raise up a shepherd in the land who will take no note of those that perish, nor seek the strays, nor heal the injured, nor feed what survives (11:16)

Citations of the Bible are from New American Bible, New Revised Standard Version and New Jerusalem Bible.

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Literary Structure of the Bible by Hajime Murai is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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